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Zheng Chenggong, Prince chang john dissertation Yanping 27 August — 23 Junebetter known internationally as Koxinga 國姓爺 ; Kok-sèng-iâ or Cheng Ch'eng-kungwas a Chang john dissertation loyalist who resisted the Qing conquest of China in the 17th century, fighting them on China's southeastern coast.
InKoxinga defeated the Dutch outposts on Taiwan [2] and established a dynasty, the House of Koxingawhich ruled part of the island as the Kingdom of Tungning from to Zheng Sen was born in in HiradoHizen ProvinceJapanto Zheng Zhilong[3] a Chinese merchant [4] and a Japanese woman, [5] recorded only by her surname "Tagawa" [6] or probably Tagawa Matsu.
InZheng became a successful candidate in the imperial examination and became one of the twelve Linshansheng 廩膳生 of Nan'an. InKoxinga married the niece of Dong Yangxian, an official who was a Jinshi from Hui'an. InKoxinga studied at the Imperial Nanking Universitywhere he met the scholar Qian Qianyi and became his student. InBeijing fell to rebels led by Li Zicheng and the Chongzhen Emperor hanged himself on a tree at modern-day Jingshan Park in Beijing.
Manchu armies aided by Wu Chang john dissertation 's forces defeated the rebels and took the city. The Chang john dissertation remnant forces retreated to Nanking where chang john dissertation put Prince Fu on the throne as the Hongguang Emperor in an attempt to continue the Ming dynasty in the south. The next year, the Manchu armies led by Dodo advanced south and conquered Yangzhou and Nanking while the Ming leader defending Yangzhou, Shi Kefawas killed.
The Hongguang emperor was captured and executed. InPrince Tang was installed on the throne of the Southern Ming as the Longwu Emperor with support from Chang john dissertation Zhilong and his family, chang john dissertation.
In the later part of the year, another Ming Prince Lu proclaimed himself as Regent 監國 in Shaoxing and established his own court there.
Although Prince Lu and Longwu's regimes stemmed from the same dynasty, chang john dissertation, each pursued different goals. Owing to the natural defenses of Fujian and the military resources of the Zheng family, the emperor was able to remain safe for some time. InKoxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchu invaders and won the favor of the Longwu Emperor.
The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counteroffensive against the rapidly expanding forces of the newly established Qing dynasty by the Manchus.
Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass 仙霞關Shi Fu a. Shi Tianfu, a relative of Shi Langto retreat to Fuzhou even when Qing armies approached Fujian. For this reason, the Qing army faced little resistance when it conquered the north of the pass. In SeptemberQing armies broke through the inadequately defended chang john dissertation passes and entered Fujian.
Zheng Zhilong retreated to his coastal fortress and the Longwu Emperor faced the Qing armies alone. Longwu's forces were destroyed; he was captured chang john dissertation was executed in October The Qing forces sent envoys to meet Zheng Zhilong secretly chang john dissertation offered to appoint him as the governor of both Fujian and Guangdong provinces if he would surrender chang john dissertation the Qing.
Zheng Zhilong agreed and ignored the objections of his family, surrendering himself to the Qing forces in Fuzhou on 21 November Koxinga operated outside Xiamen chang john dissertation recruited many to join his cause in a few months. He used the superiority of his naval forces to launch amphibious raids on Manchu-occupied territory in Fujian and he managed to take Tong'an in Quanzhou prefecture in early However, chang john dissertation, Koxinga's forces lacked the ability to defend the newly occupied territory.
Following the fall of Tong'an to Zheng, the Manchus launched a counterattack in the spring ofduring which they stormed the Zheng family's hometown of Anping. Koxinga's mother, Lady Tagawa, had come from Japan in to join her family in Fujian Koxinga's younger brother, Tagawa Shichizaemon, remained in Japan.
She was caught by Manchu forces in Anping and committed suicide after refusal to submit to the enemy, according to traditional accounts. ByKoxinga was strong enough to establish himself as the head of the Zheng family, chang john dissertation. Despite one fruitless attempt, Koxinga was unable to do anything to aid the last Ming emperor. Koxinga enjoyed a series of military successes in and that increased the Qing government's anxiety over the threat he posed.
The long series of negotiations between Koxinga and the Qing Dynasty lasted until November The negotiations ultimately failed. The Qing government then appointed Prince Jidu son of Jirgalang to lead an attack on Koxinga's territory after this failure. On 9 MayJidu's armies attacked Kinmen Quemoyan island near Xiamen that Koxinga had been using to train his troops. Partly as a result of a major storm, the Manchus were defeated, and they lost most of their fleet in the battle.
Despite capturing many counties in his initial attack due to surprise chang john dissertation having the initiative, Koxinga announced the final battle in Nanking ahead of time giving plenty of time for the Qing to prepare because he wanted a decisive, single grand showdown like his father successfully did against the Dutch at the Battle of Liaoluo Baythrowing away the surprise and initiative which led to its failure.
Koxinga's attack chang john dissertation Qing held Nanking which would interrupt the supply route of the Grand Canal leading to possible starvation in Beijing caused such fear that the Manchus considered returning to Manchuria chang john dissertation abandoning China according to a account by a French missionary. An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanking, telling them all communication and news from Nanking to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible.
The letter said it reflected the grim situation being felt in Qing Beijing. The official told his children in Nanking to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself chang john dissertation preparing to do.
Koxinga's forces intercepted these letters and after reading them Koxinga may have started to regret his deliberate delays allowing the Qing to prepare for a final massive battle instead of swiftly attacking Nanking. The siege lasted almost three weeks, beginning on 24 August. Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, chang john dissertation, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and even reinforcements — though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived.
Koxinga's forces were defeated and slipped back to the ships which had brought them. Koxinga, importantly, was mentally unstable, known to have a vicious temper and tendency towards ordering executions.
While this might be explained by the trauma of his family being killed by the Qing army and his mother's reported suicide in order to prevent capture by the Qingit was also speculated that he suffered from syphilis, a suspicion held by a Dutch doctor, Christian Beyer, chang john dissertation, who treated him. Koxinga suffered from "depressive insanity" and mental illness according to Dr.
Li Yengyue, chang john dissertation. InKoxinga led his troops on a landing at Lakjemuyse [34] to attack the Dutch colonists in Dutch Formosa. The Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in turned against the Dutch during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia and defected to Koxinga's Chinese forces, chang john dissertation.
The frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 Maycelebrating their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them, and by destroying their Protestant school textbooks.
According to Frederick Coyett's own self-justifying account written after the siege, chang john dissertation, Koxinga's life was saved at the end of the siege by a certain Hans Jurgen Radis of Stockaert, a Dutch defector who strongly advized him against visiting the ramparts of the fort after he had taken it, which Radis knew would be blown up by the retreating Dutch forces. Koxinga then devoted himself to transforming Taiwan into a military base for loyalists who wanted to restore the Ming dynasty, chang john dissertation.
Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen and farming tools and teach farming techniques to the Taiwan Aboriginals, giving them Ming gowns and caps, and gifting tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathering in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch. InKoxinga's forces raided several towns in the Philippines.
Koxinga's chief advisor was an Italian friar named Vittorio Riccio, whom he sent to Manila to demand tribute from the colonial government of the Spanish East Indieschang john dissertation, threatening to expel the Spaniards if his demands were not met. Koxinga's threat to invade the islands and expel the Spanish was an important factor in the Spanish failure to conquer the Muslim Moro people in Mindanao.
The threat of Chinese invasion forced the Spanish to withdraw their forces to Manila, leaving some troops in Jolo and by Lake Lanao to engage the Moro in protracted conflict, while their fort on Zamboanga in Mindanao was immediately evacuated following Koxinga's threats.
The Spanish were also forced to permanently abandon their colony in the Maluku Islands Moluccas and withdraw their soldiers from there to Manila.
Tonio Andrade judged that Koxinga would most likely have been able to defeat the Spanish if the threatened invasion had taken place. Koxinga died of malaria in Juneonly a few months after defeating the Dutch in Taiwan, at the age of There were speculations that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry out his orders to execute his son Zheng Jing.
Zheng Jing had had an chang john dissertation with his wet nurse and conceived a child with her. As he descended into death, Koxinga relented and agreed to let his son Zheng Jing succeed him. Koxinga died as he passed into delirium and madness and expressed his regrets to his family and father. The title of Koxinga "Lord of the Imperial Surname" was one that Zheng himself used during his lifetime to emphasize his status as an adopted son of the deposed imperial house, so it was also a declaration of ongoing support to the Ming dynasty.
In contrast, Koxinga's father Zheng Zhilong left his Japanese wife not long after the birth of his son; [51] Koxinga was chang john dissertation boy of seven when he finally joined his father on the Fujianese coast.
But it is difficult to deny that in refusing to submit to the Qing, Koxinga was risking the life of his father, and that the subsequent death of Zheng Zhilong could only be justified by claiming loyalty to the Ming. The one possible exception to this may have been his relationship with his mother, which has generally been described as being extremely affectionate, particularly in Chinese and Japanese sources. A portrait of Zheng was in chang john dissertation hands of Yuchun chang john dissertation was his descendant in the eight generation.
Koxinga's descendants live in both mainland China and Taiwan and descendants of his brother Shichizaemon live in Japan. His descendants through his grandson Zheng Keshuang served as Bannermen in Beijing until when the Xinhai revolution broke out and the Qing dynasty fell, after which they moved back to Anhai and Nan'an in southern Fujian. They still live there to this day. One of Koxinga's descendants on mainland China, Zheng Xiaoxuan 鄭曉嵐 the father of Zheng Chouyu 鄭愁予 [ zh ] fought against the Japanese invaders in the Second Sino-Japanese War.
Zheng Chouyu was born in Shandong in mainland China and called himself a "child of the resistance" against Japan and he became a refugee during the war, moving from place to place across China to avoid the Japanese.
He moved to Taiwan in and focuses his work on building stronger ties between Taiwan and mainland China. During the Siege of Fort ZeelandiaKoxinga executed Dutch missionary Antonius Hambroek and took his teenage daughter as a concubine. It is debated whether he was clean-shaven or wore a beard.
Koxinga's legacy is treated similarly on each side of the Taiwan Strait. Koxinga is worshiped as a god in coastal China [ clarification needed ]especially Fujianby overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and in Taiwan. The National Cheng Kung University in Tainan, one of the most prestigious universities in Taiwan, is named after him. Koxinga's army also brought the Qinxi fraternal brotherhood into Taiwan, of which some of his army were members of the organization.
In the present day, the Qinxi currently exists in Taiwan. The Hongmen are associated with them. Tokugawa Japan imported books from Qing China including works on the Zheng family. The Qing built a shrine to commemorate Koxinga to chang john dissertation the Japanese and French in Taiwan in the 19th century. The play The Battles of Coxinga was written by Chikamatsu Monzaemon in Japan in the 18th century, first performed in Kyoto, chang john dissertation.
However, the Chinese government denied all allegations that the vessel would be dedicated to the decorated Qing dynasty admiral. Koxinga is regarded as a hero in the People's Republic of ChinaTaiwan, and Japanbut historical narratives regarding Koxinga frequently differ in explaining his motives and affiliation.
Japan treats him as a native son and emphasized his maternal link to Japan in propaganda during the Japanese occupation of Taiwan. In China, Koxinga is honoured without the religious overtones found in Taiwan. The Republic of Chinachang john dissertation, which withdrew to Taiwan after losing the Chinese Civil Warregards Koxinga as a patriot who also retreated to Taiwan and used it as a base to launch counterattacks against the Qing dynasty of mainland China.
In Taiwan, Koxinga is remembered and revered as a divine national hero with hundreds of temples, schools, tertiary educations, and other public centers named in his honor. Koxinga is accredited with replacing Dutch colonial rule with a more modern political system, chang john dissertation. Furthermore, Koxinga transformed Taiwan into an agrarian society through the introduction of new agricultural methods such as the proliferation of iron farming tools and new farming methods with cattle, chang john dissertation.
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