Thursday, October 7, 2021

Greek civilization essay

Greek civilization essay

greek civilization essay

Classkick is a free app that shows teachers in real-time exactly what students are doing and who needs help so they can provide instant feedback The Greek Dark Ages (c. – c. BC) refers to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century BC to the rise of the first Greek city-states in the 9th century BC and the epics of Homer and earliest writings in the Greek alphabet in the 8th century BC Greek architecture stretches from c. B.C.E. to the first century C.E. (with the earliest extant stone architecture dating to the seventh century B.C.E.). Greek architecture influenced Roman architecture and architects in profound ways, such that Roman Imperial architecture adopts and incorporates many Greek elements into its own practice



History of Greece - Wikipedia



The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation-state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically, greek civilization essay.


The scope of Greek habitation and rule has varied throughout the ages and as a result, the history of Greece is similarly elastic in what it includes, greek civilization essay. Generally, the history of Greece is divided into the following periods:. Ancient Greece usually encompasses Greek antiquity, while part of the region's late prehistory Late Bronze Age is also considered part of greek civilization essay. At its cultural and geographical peak, Greek civilization spread from Egypt all the way to the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan.


Since then, Greek minorities have remained in former Greek territories e. TurkeyAlbaniagreek civilization essay, ItalyLibyaLevantArmeniaGeorgia and Greek emigrants have assimilated into differing societies across the globe e, greek civilization essay. North America, Australia, Northern Europe, South Africa.


At present, most Greeks live in the modern states of Greece independent since and Cyprus. Fossils of the earliest pre-human Greek civilization essay macedoniensis9, greek civilization essay. The Palaeolithic period is generally understudied in Greece, because research has traditionally focused on the later parts of prehistory Neolithic, Bronze Age and the Classical times.


Nevertheless, significant advances have been achieved greek civilization essay the last years and the record has been enriched with new material, collected mostly in the framework of regional surveys but also through systematic or rescue excavations. Not only new caves and rockshelters, but also recently discovered and important open-air sites are now being excavated. There are, to date, few sites of the Lower Palaeolithic whereas there are more of the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, greek civilization essay.


This is partly due to the intense tectonic activity in the Greek area and the rise and fall of the Aegean which greek civilization essay every trace of habitation from some geographical regions. Palaeolithic finds from Greece were first reported in whereas the first organized research on Palaeolithic sites were conducted between and by the Austrian archaeologist Adalbert Markovits, greek civilization essay.


The first excavation greek civilization essay a Palaeolithic site took place in at Seidi Cave in Boeotia by the German archaeologist Rudolf Stampfuss. More systematic research, however, in Greece was conducted during the 60's in EpirusMacedoniaThessaly and the Peloponnese by English, American and German research groups. The Mesolithic period in Greece started after Upper Paleolithic and it is part of Middle Greek civilization essay Age in Greece before Neolithic emerging.


Mesolithic sites in Greece were limited and the majority are located near the coast. Franchthi cave and Theopetra are among the most important Mesolithic sites in Greece and South Eastern Europe [10]. It is worth mentioning the Franchthi cave and the Theopetra Cave were inhabited almost continuously throughout the Palaeolithic and the Mesolithic Period.


The Neolithic Revolution reached Europe beginning in — BC when agriculturalists from the Near East entered the Greek peninsula from Anatolia by island-hopping through the Aegean Sea. The earliest Neolithic sites with developed agricultural economies in Europe dated — BPE are found in Greece. The Cycladic culture is a significant Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age culture, is best greek civilization essay for its schematic flat female idols carved out of the islands' pure white marble centuries before the great Middle Bronze Age "Minoan" culture arose in Creteto the south.


The Minoan civilization in Crete lasted from about c. Little specific information is known about the Minoans even the name Minoans is a modern appellation, derived from Minosthe legendary king of Cretegreek civilization essay, including their written system, which was recorded on the undeciphered Linear A script [16] and Cretan hieroglyphs. They were primarily a mercantile people engaged in extensive overseas trade throughout the Mediterranean region.


Minoan civilization was affected by a number of natural cataclysms such as the volcanic eruption at Thera c. Following the end of the Neolithic ages, the last Stone Age period, the early and middle Helladic period was established in the Greek mainland. Firstly, the slow transition from the Final Neolithic period took place with the Eutresis culture. The agricultural communities of that period needed entire centuries in order to replace their stone tools with metal tools.


Following the materialistic developments, more powerful micro-states and the base of the future Late Helladic Mycenaean civilization were developed. The Early Bronze Age settlements saw further development during Helladic III or Tiryns culture and the Middle Helladic period before the Mycenean period. Mycenaean civilization originated and evolved from the society and culture of the Early and Middle Helladic periods in greek civilization essay Greece.


Mycenaean Greece is greek civilization essay Late Helladic Bronze Age civilization of Ancient Greece and it is the historical setting of the epics of Homer and most of Greek mythology and religion. The Mycenaean period takes its name from the archaeological site Mycenae in the northeastern Argolidin the Peloponnesos of southern Greece.


AthensPylosThebesand Tiryns are also important Mycenaean sites. Mycenaean civilization was dominated by a warrior aristocracy. Around BC, the Mycenaeans extended their control to Crete, the center of the Minoan civilizationand adopted a form of the Minoan script called Linear A to write their early form of Greek.


The Mycenaean-era script is called Linear Bwhich was deciphered in by Michael Ventris. The Mycenaeans buried their nobles in beehive tombs tholoilarge circular burial chambers with a high-vaulted roof and straight entry passage lined with stone. They often buried daggers or some other form of military equipment with the deceased. The nobility was often buried with gold masks, tiaras, armor, and jeweled weapons. Mycenaeans were buried in a sitting position, and some of the nobility underwent mummification.


Around — BC, the Mycenaean civilization collapsed. Numerous cities were sacked and the region entered what historians see as a " dark age ". During this period, Greece experienced a decline in population and literacy. The Greeks themselves have traditionally blamed this decline on an invasion by another wave of Greek people, greek civilization essay Doriansalthough there is scant archaeological evidence for this view.


Ancient Greece refers to a period of Greek history that lasted from the Dark Ages to the end of antiquity c. AD In common usage, it refers to all Greek history before the Roman Empirebut historians greek civilization essay the term more precisely.


Some writers include the periods of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations, while others argue that these civilizations were so different from later Greek cultures that they should be classed separately. Traditionally, the Ancient Greek period was taken to begin with the date of the first Olympic Games in BC, but most historians now extend the term back to about BC. The traditional date for the end of the Classical Greek period is the death of Alexander the Great in BC.


The period that follows is classed as Hellenistic. Not everyone treats the Classical Greek and Hellenic periods as distinct; however, and some writers treat the Ancient Greek civilization as a continuum running until the advent of Christianity in the 3rd century AD. Ancient Greece is considered by most historians to be the foundational culture of Western civilization. Greek culture was a powerful influence in the Roman Empire, which carried a version of it to many parts of Europe.


Ancient Greek civilization has been immensely influential on the language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, art, and architecture of the modern world, greek civilization essay, particularly during the Renaissance in Western Europe and again during various neo-classical revivals in 18th and 19th-century Europe and the Americas, greek civilization essay. The Greek Dark Ages c. The collapse of the Mycenaean civilization coincided with the fall of several other large empires in the near east, most notably the Hittite and the Egyptian.


The cause may be attributed to an invasion of the Sea People wielding iron weapons. When the Dorians came down into Greece they also were equipped with superior iron weapons, easily dispersing the already weakened Mycenaeans. The period that follows these events is collectively known as the Greek Greek civilization essay Ages.


Kings ruled throughout this period until eventually they were replaced with greek civilization essay aristocracy, greek civilization essay, then still later, in some areas, an aristocracy within an aristocracy—an elite of the elite.


Warfare shifted from greek civilization essay focus on the cavalry to a great emphasis on infantry. Due to its cheapness of production and local availability, iron replaced bronze as the metal of choice in the manufacturing of tools and weapons.


Slowly equality grew among the different sects of people, leading to the dethronement of the various Kings and the rise of the family. At the end of this period of stagnation, the Greek civilization was engulfed in a renaissance that spread the Greek world as far as the Black Sea and Spain. The writing was relearned from the Phoeniciansgreek civilization essay, eventually spreading north into Italy and the Gauls.


In the 8th century BC, Greece began to emerge from the Dark Ages which followed the fall of the Mycenaean civilization. Literacy had been lost and Mycenaean script forgotten, but the Greeks adopted the Phoenician alphabetmodifying it to create the Greek alphabet. From about the 9th century BC, greek civilization essay, written records begin to appear. The Archaic period can be understood as the Orientalizing periodwhen Greece was at the fringe, but not under the sway, of the budding Neo-Assyrian Empire.


Greece adopted significant amounts of cultural elements from the Orient, greek civilization essay, in art as well as in religion and mythology. Archaeologically, Archaic Greece is greek civilization essay by Geometric pottery. The basic unit of politics in Ancient Greece was the polissometimes translated as city-state. Greek civilization essay city-states might be subordinate to others a colony traditionally deferred to its mother citysome might have had governments greek civilization essay dependent upon others the Thirty Tyrants in Athens was imposed by Sparta following greek civilization essay Peloponnesian Warbut the titularly supreme power in each city was located within that city.


This meant that when Greece went to greek civilization essay e. It also gave ample opportunity for wars within Greece between different cities. Two major wars shaped the Classical Greek world. The Persian Wars — BC are recounted in Herodotus 's Histories.


By the late 6th century BC, the Achaemenid Persian Empire ruled over all Greek city-states in Ionia the western coast of modern-day Turkey and had made territorial gains in the Balkans and Eastern Europe proper as well.


The Greek cities of Ionialed by Miletusrevolted against the Persian Empireand were supported by some mainland cities, including Athens and Eretria.


After the uprising had been quelled, Darius I launched the First Persian invasion of Greece to exact revenge on the Athenians. In BC, Persian general Mardonius led an army supported by a fleet across the Hellespont, re-subjugating Thrace and adding Macedonia as a fully-subjugated client kingdom.


Greek civilization essay BC, Darius sent another fleet directly across the Aegean rather than following the land route as Mardonius had done to subdue Athens.


After destroying the city of Eretriathe fleet landed and faced the Athenian army at Marathonwhich ended in a decisive Athenian victory. Darius's successor, Xerxes Ilaunched the Second Persian invasion of Greece in BC. Despite Greek defeat at Thermopylaeafter which the Persians briefly overran northern and central Greece, [22] the Greek city-states once again managed to comprehensively defeat the invaders with naval victory at Salamis and victory on land at Plataea.


To prosecute the war and then to defend Greece from further Persian attack, Athens founded the Delian League in BC. Initially, each city in the League would contribute ships and soldiers to a common army, but in time Athens allowed and then compelled the smaller cities to contribute funds so that it could supply their quota of ships.


Secession from the League could be punished. Following military reversals against the Persians, the treasury was moved from Delos to Athens, further strengthening the latter's control over the League. The Delian League was eventually referred to pejoratively as the Athenian Empire. In BC, while the Persian Wars were still ongoing, war broke out between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian Leaguecomprising Sparta and its allies. After some inconclusive fighting, the two sides signed a greek civilization essay in BC.


That peace was stipulated to last thirty years: instead, greek civilization essay, it held only until BC, with the onset of the Peloponnesian War.




Engineering an Empire: Ancient Greece (S1, E1) - Full Episode - History

, time: 44:52





Introduction to ancient Greek architecture – Smarthistory


greek civilization essay

The Greek Dark Ages (c. – c. BC) refers to the period of Greek history from the presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century BC to the rise of the first Greek city-states in the 9th century BC and the epics of Homer and earliest writings in the Greek alphabet in the 8th century BC May 17,  · Ancient Greek art flourished around B.C., when Athenian general Pericles used public money to support the city-state’s artists and thinkers. Pericles paid artisans to build temples and other Around B.C., during the Middle Minoan period, Minoan civilization on Crete reached its apogee with the establishment of centers, called palaces, that concentrated political and economic power, as well as artistic activity, and may have served as centers for the redistribution of agricultural commodities

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