Reflective Essay In Project Management Reflective Essay on Data Structure and File Management Coursework C++ is an object-oriented, low-level ANSI and ISO standard programming language that can generate very efficient and very fast programs. As an object-oriented language large- scale programs C++ is one of the most popular programming (SMOP//Jul15/3) REFLECTIVE ESSAY FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS Reflections on the BIS Project Student in Work Role The purpose of this paper is to discuss my experience of a project, and life after, with the company I currently work blogger.comted Reading Time: 13 mins Reflective Essay On Project Management Words3 Pages Every successful project has a plan and goals that they work hard for it to reach their objectives. Since we are studying a project management, I am going to consider my goals for this course as a project. I will use the skills that we are going to cover it to drive my project to the success
How To Conclude A Project Management Reflective Essay
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A short summary of this paper, reflective essay on project management. READ PAPER. This was an important project in the history of Zesco Limited Zesco,which was conducted from to However, preliminary project work had started prior to the mentioned start date, at which time I had not yet joined the company. The significance of the project was that it marked the evolution of the company into mainstream usage of IT systems for its business operations, reflective essay on project management.
This included automation of several of the business critical operations from managing of the enterprise to how it conducted its business. There was a monumental paradigm shift for the company hence the requirement to manage the change process effectively. As a project team member, I would work alongside consultants from an ERP company that was subcontracted and given the responsibility of implementing the project. I must admit, this was a narrow way of viewing who could be classi fied as a stakeholder as I soon reflective essay on project management towards the tail-end of the project and life after we concluded.
As Winchp. This is a salient argument that predicts failure of projects due to sidelining stakeholders. My reflection paper takes a position on how stakeholders should be managed based on formal frameworks that can be applied. It looks at the stakeholders as dynamic capabilities MBS- Studyguide,p. This will include providing an understanding of the sort of power the different types of stakeholders wield over a project and provide insights from academic references of how they can be managed.
The apex of this endeavor is draw from the initial project key issues that would enable a more successful follow up project with the upgrade implementation.
Unit concepts and principles — Stakeholder theory Stakeholder Rationale The rationale behind bothering about stakeholders in the first place is that they matter to the success of any project whose intention is to add value. Reflective essay on project management to Aaltonenin order to reduce uncertainty, a project management team builds up interpretations about their environment by conducting stakeholder analysis.
When viewed in the context of project strategy, Artto et al. Although preferable projects are seen as value adding, stakeholders may have a pessimistic view of them if the inherent value creation purported is not shared. Therefore, as Artto et al. In their paper, reflective essay on project management, Mitchell, Agle, and Wood provide two key questions that firms may need to ask before they endeavor into any project: the first is on a normative theory of stakeholder identification and classification who and what are they?
and the second is on a descriptive theory of stakeholder salience what conditions classify stakeholders? Furthermore, they argue that stakeholders could reflective essay on project management of primary or secondary depending on the sort of influence they are able to exert on a project. Stakeholder Identification When identifying who the key stakeholders are for a project, a firm has the option to take a wide or narrow view.
Mitchell, Agle and Wood provide broad definition of a stakeholder as an individual or group who have the ability to affect the achievement of an organization's reflective essay on project management or who is affected by the achievement of an organization's objectives. And their narrow definition of stakeholders as those groups on which the organization is dependent for its continued survival. It is important to understand the context as this provide a means of identifying the type of stakeholder based on the impact they have on the project.
Furthermore, it serves as precursor to the stakeholder identification. For the purpose of this reflective paper, the narrow view is adopted. However, reflective essay on project management, this approach does suffer from the bias of focus on the direct relevance to the firm's core economic interests Mitchell, Agle and Wood, They suggest a relationship based approach, built on acknowledged transactional conditions, reflective essay on project management as the existence of a legal or implied contract, an exchange relationship, or an identifiable power- dependence relationship Mitchell, Agle and Wood, The identification process does suffer from several challenges some of which Jepsen and Eskerod identified as lack of reflective essay on project management in the guidelines that are supposed to help in their identification, importance and expectations.
Stakeholder Classification According to Winchthe problem of stakeholder analysis can be attributed to the lack of classification, reflective essay on project management. He suggests resolving this by way of classifying stakeholders, primarily, into two categories: Internal stakeholders and External stakeholders. The former are those that have a legal contract with client whereas the latter have a direct interest in the project.
Winch further provides a sub-classification that breaks down internal stakeholders into those clustered around the client on the demand side and those on the supply side. Similarly, external stakeholders are broken down into private and public. However, Mitchell, Agle, and Wood provide a further classification of stakeholders where they identify what they call primary stakeholders who bear some form of risk as a result of investing capital, human or financial resources to a project, reflective essay on project management.
They classify these as stakeholders whose non participation would lead to the project not commencing in the first place, reflective essay on project management. They include capital suppliers such as shareholders and investors, employees, other resource suppliers, customers, reflective essay on project management, community residents, and the natural environment Clarkson, In addition, Clarkson identifies the secondary stakeholder equivalent as public stakeholders who include the government and communities.
Stakeholder Attributes and Mapping According to Calvert as cited in Bonke and Winchstakeholder management has been a subject of growing importance in project management therefore Bonke and Winch suggest that an understanding of their interests and relative power is vital for the effective management of the inception reflective essay on project management of many projects during scope definition.
This involves identifying the different attributes of stakeholders and providing a framework for mapping them. Mitchell, Agle and Wood identify three attributes that define stakeholders.
The first is power which describes the level of influence a stakeholder can wield over a project even in the midst of resistance. The second attribute is legitimacy which describes the degree of moral claim a stakeholder has over a project and is inferred by level of risk or property rights that articulate the principle of who or what really counts.
Suchman describes legitimacy as a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, reflective essay on project management, beliefs.
The last attribute is urgency which captures the dynamism of stakeholder management. The attribute helps address situations where a project relationship or claim is of a time-sensitive nature and when that relationship or claim is important or critical to the stakeholder Mitchell, Agle and Wood, Mitchell, Agle and Wood suggest that these attributes are not mutually exclusive and they provide the basis for what they term as the salience of stakeholders which captures the dynamism of these attributes and their trade-off with firm managers.
They contend that the attributes are variable, not in a steady state, reflective essay on project management, and socially constructed to the extent that consciousness and willful exercise may or may not be present. Figure 1 illustrates the elements of the framework whose focus is the project mission which is represented as the asset to be created which tends to be the source of contention between stakeholders.
The framework therefore identifies proponents and opponents of the projects and seeks to find ways of changing opponents into supporters by offering appropriate changes to the project mission Winch, Figure 1.
Mapping stakeholders source: Winchp. Figure 2 illustrates the two dimensions it consists which include the power of the stakeholder to influence the definition of the project and the level of interest that the stakeholder has in that definition of the project Winch,p. The matrix consists four categories of possible stakeholder placement, however their position is context specific in relation to the project. The four categories are: keep informed, keep satisfied, key players and minimal effort.
Table 1 provides guidelines as to how these four categories can be dealt with and the associated consequences of dealing with these stakeholders. Figure 2. May have an Could be the No effect May upset the net effect on the difference between present value Effects of project time line the project taking calculation of handling if complaisance off or not Project, stakeholders is not adhered May dissuade to.
This may not have been deliberate however, the consequence of such action have led to problems such as agency costs post project implementation. Therefore, reflective essay on project management, having a framework in place is key in avoiding them when reflective essay on project management future projects that I will be involved in. Reflective assessment: ideas and insights Looking back at the implementation of the payroll and human resource implementation of the BIS project, emphasis was placed more on the technical success of the implementation.
Having a sensitive system that impacted on human capital of the company brought with it queries post project that led to many post implementation alterations to the system. Table 2 shows some of the perceived stakeholders that were regarded as important during the project however, the uncategorized list was not extensive enough to warrant it being called a thorough stakeholder listing as shown by the list of unconsidered stakeholders.
The latter were stakeholders who emerged as the project proceeded and were mostly interacted with during the post project era. BIS Project Perceived Stakeholders BIS Project Unconsidered Stakeholders Project consultants awarded tender Reflective essay on project management Pensions Fund Zesco Management Trade Unions Employees Actual third party software developers Human Resource Director Financial institutions Finance Director Zesco Clinic INDRA — Software resellers Legacy System Operators IT Senior Manager Ministry of Labour World bank Human Resource — Recruitment Department Human Resource - Human capital development department Audit Manager Database Administrator Zambian Tax Authority zra.
zm Table 2 Identifying Stakeholders Drawing from the framework provided by Mitchell, Agle and Wooda narrow approach could have been used to help identify who the project stakeholders were.
Table 3 provides a list, from a narrow view, of unconsidered stakeholders. Internal Stakeholders External Stakeholders Demand Side Supply side Private Public World bank Project consultants Other software Central Bank awarded tender vendors boz. zm looking to supply Zesco Competitors Zesco Management Actual third party software Financial Ministry of Finance developers Institutions Employees Oracle Corporation Ministry of Labour Trade Unions National Pensions Fund Human Resource — Database Administrator Recruitment Department customer Human Resource - Legacy System Operators Human capital development department customer Audit Manager Clinic Human Resource — Recruitment Department customer Table 3 Classification of BIS Project Stakeholders However, it is not enough to simply identify the stakeholders.
Upon reflection, categorization of these stakeholders was necessary in order to distinguish their importance to the project and after the fact. Applying the Winch framework of classifying internal and external stakeholders would have help to better understand the impact of each stakeholder. This is illustrated in Figure 3 which shows the stakeholder map that may have been generated from the analysis. To aid in the identification and classification process, reflective essay on project management, the framework provided by Mitchell, Agle and Wood may have proved helpful to the project team as it was clearly evident that had the issue of identifying a comprehensive list of stakeholders come up, it would have proved very difficult.
By using the three attributes provided in the framework, the team would have been able to determine the influence potential interested parties would have had on the project. An enabler to this process is the diverse nature of the project teams. Most projects include personnel from different functional unit s of the company who come with different experiences from varying projects reflective essay on project management the company.
Therefore, using their experience on past projects could provide useful in the identification project. Continued business Project Third party Consultants Software Vendors Ministry of Labour Zesco BIS Project Improve HR and Payrol service Mgt PHRIS delivery Implementation Government Compliance with laws Service reflective essay on project management Efficiency Employees Financial Ministry Better and quicker Institutions wage payments Of Finance Figure 3.
I am more enlightened by the importance of categorizing different stakeholders and know which ones directly affect my work and which ones I need to pay attention to. This would have inevitably saved the company money and additional developer time as alternative company developed solutions may have been sort in time.
Another learning aspect is applying the stakeholder map to the different stakeholders that we had during the project. I know now, reflective essay on project management, there are interdependences between some of these stakeholders. Grouping them based on interdependences would have provided me with better insight into their level of interest and power of influence they would have on the project. With this skill set, it will make it easier to plan for the next upgrade of the system by way of having a strategy towards their management.
The benefit I have derived from learning about stakeholder management is that it has made me aware of the additional actors in the entire project management process.
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(SMOP//Jul15/3) REFLECTIVE ESSAY FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF PROJECTS Reflections on the BIS Project Student in Work Role The purpose of this paper is to discuss my experience of a project, and life after, with the company I currently work blogger.comted Reading Time: 13 mins Personal Reflection on Project Management Principles Reflective Essay In Project Management Reflective Essay on Data Structure and File Management Coursework C++ is an object-oriented, low-level ANSI and ISO standard programming language that can generate very efficient and very fast programs. As an object-oriented language large- scale programs C++ is one of the most popular programming
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